Evaluation of pharmacist-managed diabetes mellitus under a collaborative drug therapy agreement.
(2008)
Journal - American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (United States )
Abstract :
PURPOSE: The effect of a pharmacist-managed collaborative drug therapy agreement (CDTA) on diabetes mellitus (DM) management in an outpatient setting is evaluated. METHODS: Patients with DM were referred by physicians to the pharmacist for either education or clinical management of DM under the CDTA. A retrospective chart review was conducted between September 2001 and December 2005 and included patients who had laboratory values of interest within one year before and after the initial visit and who had more than two documented visits with the pharmacist. After the pharmacist's intervention in the DM management, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were compared using a paired sample t test. Average costs for inpatient hospitalization and emergency department (ED) admission were also compared. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients had a mean +/- S.D. of 5.7 +/- 3.9 visits with the pharmacist. A mean reduction in HbA(1c) of 0.7% (p < or = 0.001, n = 93) from 8.9% to 8.2% and a mean reduction in blood glucose of 26.4 mg/dL (p < or = 0.001, n = 99) were achieved. Average costs for inpatient hospitalization and ED admissions were significantly higher in the preintervention period than in the postintervention period for patients with DM as the primary or secondary diagnosis ($2434 versus $636, respectively; p = 0.015). For patients with a primary diagnosis of diabetes, preintervention costs were higher than postintervention costs, but this difference was not significant ($3082 versus $696, respectively; p = 0.100). CONCLUSION: Pharmacist interventions under a CDTA resulted in significant improvements in glucose and HbA(1c) levels in patients with DM. Postintervention costs for inpatient hospitalization and ED services were significantly less than preintervention costs when DM was a primary or secondary diagnosis for the admission.
| ISSN : | 1535-2900 |
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| Mesh Heading : | Blood Glucose Cholesterol, LDL Diabetes Mellitus Female Health Care Costs Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated Humans Legislation, Pharmacy Male Middle Aged Outpatients Pharmaceutical Services Pharmacists Retrospective Studies Texas Treatment Outcome analysis blood economics analysis standards |
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| Mesh Heading Relevant : | Interprofessional Relations Patient Care Team drug therapy organization & administration |
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The use of interleukin-2 in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
(2005)
Journal - Pharmacotherapy (United States )
Abstract :
Advances in antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have led to reductions in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Although antiretroviral therapy has shown success in suppressing viral loads, it does not adequately restore the immune system in all individuals infected with HIV. In light of this incomplete success, interleukin (IL)-2 is being evaluated as adjunctive therapy to antiretroviral therapy. The agent has demonstrated mixed yet promising results in restoring immune function in patients who are HIV positive.
| ISSN : | 0277-0008 |
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| Mesh Heading : | Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic HIV Infections Humans Interleukin-2 Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic diagnosis immunology economics pharmacology |
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| Mesh Heading Relevant : | drug therapy therapeutic use |
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