[Antifungals cellular targets and mechanisms of resistance]
(2006)
Journal - Thérapie (France )
Abstract :
Antifungals of systemic use for the treatment of invasive fungal infections belong to four main chemical families which have globally three cellular targets in fungal cells: fluorinated pyrimidines act on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and protein synthesis; polyenes and azoles are toxic for ergosterol and its biosynthetic pathway; lipopeptides inhibit the synthesis of cell wall beta glucans. The resistance mechanisms that are developed by some fungi begin to be well understood particularly in Candida yeasts. The underlying bases of these mechanisms are either mutations that modify the antifungal target, or that block access to the target, and, on the other hand, the overexpression of genes encoding the target, or some membrane proteins involved in the active efflux of antifungal drugs.
| ISSN : | 0040-5957 |
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| Mesh Heading : | Amphotericin B Antibiotics, Antifungal Antifungal Agents Azoles Echinocandins Flucytosine Fungi Peptides, Cyclic pharmacology pharmacology pharmacology pharmacology pharmacology |
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| Mesh Heading Relevant : | Drug Resistance, Fungal pharmacology drug effects |
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Production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi.
(2000)
Journal - Journal of clinical microbiology (UNITED STATES )
Abstract :
Several hybridomas producing antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) were established by fusion of mouse myeloma SP2/O with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized against whole spores (protocol 1) or chitinase-treated spores (protocol 2) of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and were cloned twice by limiting dilutions. Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 3B82H2 from protocol 1, isotyped as immunoglobulin M (IgM), and 6E52D9 from protocol 2, isotyped as IgG, were expanded in both ascites and culture. IFAT with the MAbs showed that both MAbs reacted exclusively with the walls of the spores of E. bieneusi, strongly staining the surface of mature spores, and produced titers of greater than 4,096. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed the specific reactivities of both antibodies. No cross-reaction, either with the spores of the other intestinal microsporidium species Encephalitozoon intestinalis or with yeast cells, bacteria, or any other intestinal parasites, was observed. The MAbs were used to identify E. bieneusi spores in fecal specimens from patients suspected of having intestinal microsporidiosis. The IFAT was validated against standard staining methods (Chromotrope 2R and Uvitex 2B) and PCR. We report here the first description and characterization of two MAbs specific for the spore wall of E. bieneusi. These MAbs have great potential for the demonstration and species determination of E. bieneusi, and their application in immunofluorescence identification of E. bieneusi in stool samples could offer a new diagnostic tool for clinical laboratories.
| ISSN : | 0095-1137 |
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| Mesh Heading : | AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Adolescent Adult Animals Antibodies, Monoclonal Antibodies, Protozoan Antigens, Protozoan Blotting, Western Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Feces Female Humans Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Male Mice Microscopy, Electron Microsporida Microsporidiosis Middle Aged Spores parasitology diagnostic use biosynthesis diagnostic use immunology analysis parasitology diagnosis parasitology growth & development isolation & purification parasitology immunology |
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| Mesh Heading Relevant : | diagnosis biosynthesis immunology immunology diagnosis |
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Rabbit model for human intestinal microsporidia.
(1998)
Journal - The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology (UNITED STATES )
| ISSN : | 1066-5234 |
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| Mesh Heading : | Animals Antibodies, Protozoan Encephalitozoon Feces Female Humans Immunosuppression Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Intestines Microsporida Microsporidiosis Rabbits Spores blood immunology isolation & purification parasitology parasitology immunology isolation & purification |
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| Mesh Heading Relevant : | Disease Models, Animal parasitology parasitology parasitology |
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Rat model for the human intestinal microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi.
(1998)
Journal - The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology (UNITED STATES )
| ISSN : | 1066-5234 |
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| Mesh Heading : | Animals Feces Humans Immunosuppression Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Male Microsporida Microsporidiosis Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley parasitology isolation & purification |
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| Mesh Heading Relevant : | Disease Models, Animal parasitology parasitology parasitology |
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